https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/what-is-volatility/
“Market volatility is a normal part of investing and is to be expected in a portfolio,” says Nicole Gopoian Wirick, a certified financial planner (CFP) in Birmingham, Mich. “if markets went straight up, then investing would be easy and we'd all be rich.”
Kate Ashford John Schmidt Updated: Jan 7, 2021, 10:02am Contributor Editor John Schmidt Updated: Jan 7, 2021, 10:02am
Most days, the stock market doesn't see big moves higher or lower. Generally, indexes like the S&P 500 gain or lose less than 1% a day. But from time to time, the market experiences significant price changes, which professional investors refer to as “volatility.”
While heightened volatility can be a sign of trouble, it's all but inevitable in long-term investing—and it may actually be one of the keys to investing success. Market volatility is the frequency and magnitude of price movements, up or down. The bigger and more frequent the price swings, the more volatile the market is said to be.
“Market volatility is a normal part of investing and is to be expected in a portfolio,” says Nicole Gopoian Wirick, a certified financial planner (CFP) in Birmingham, Mich. “if markets went straight up, then investing would be easy and we'd all be rich.”
How Is Market Volatility Measured?
Market volatility is measured by finding the standard deviation of price changes over a period of time. The statistical concept of a standard deviation allows you to see how much something differs from an average value.
We'll show you how to calculate it below, but for now, simply keep in mind that “the higher the standard deviation, the more that portfolio is going to move around, up or down from the average,” says Brad Lineberger, a CFP in Carlsbad, Calif.
Standard deviations are important because not only do they tell you how much a value may change, but they also provide a framework for the odds it will happen. Sixty-eight percent of the time, values will be within one standard deviation of the average, 95% of the time they'll be within two and 99.7% of the time they'll be within three.
That said, let's revisit standard deviations as they apply to market volatility. Traders calculate standard deviations of market values based on end-of-day trading values, changes to values within a trading session—intraday volatility—or projected future changes in values.
Casual market watchers are probably most familiar with that last method, which is used by the Chicago Board Options Exchange's Volatility Index, commonly referred to as the VIX.
What Is the VIX?
The VIX—also known as the “fear index”—is the most well-known measure of stock market volatility. It gauges investors' expectations about the movement of stock prices
Generally, the higher the VIX, the more expensive the options. This is for a couple of reasons: First, remember that a type of options, called puts, are agreements for traders to sell shares, in this case of the S&P 500, at a certain price at a certain time. These puts become more desirable (and expensive) as the likelihood increases that the S&P 500 will fall in value. If the S&P 500 falls below the sell price of their puts, they earn a profit.
The rising value of these puts, then, becomes a bellwether of expected market declines—and by extension volatility because in general the stock market experiences more drastic changes in value up or down when things are overall trending downward.
Historically, the normal levels of VIX are in the low 20s, meaning the S&P 500 will differ from its average growth rate by no more than 20% most of the time. The VIX, however, has been lower over the last 10 years.
“Most likely this was due to the long-term bull market over the past decade, which has created complacency among market participants,” says Freddy Garcia, a CFP in Naperville, Ill. “When markets get spooked, you will see VIX temporarily print in the 40s or 50s as traders rush to purchase protection for portfolios.” VIX values went as high as 82.69 in March 2020 as economic anxiety about the coronavirus began to set in.
How Much Market Volatility Is Normal?
Markets frequently encounter periods of heightened volatility. As an investor, you should plan on seeing volatility of about 15% from average returns during a given year.
“About one in five years, you should expect the market to go down about 30%,” says Lineberger says. “If you can't handle that type of volatility, you really shouldn't be an equity investor because that's about average.”
Most of the time, the stock market is fairly calm, interspersed with briefer periods of above-average market volatility. Stock prices aren't generally bouncing around constantly—there are long periods of not much excitement, followed by short periods
with big moves up or down. These moments skew average volatility higher than it In general, bullish (upward-trending) markets tend to be associated with low volatility, and bearish (downward-trending) markets usually come with unpredictable price swings, which are typically downward.
“This is how it works,” Lineberger says. “And if you can stomach it, you can enjoy outperforming inflation by almost three times per year. My best advice is to embrace volatility and know that it's normal.”
How to Handle Market Volatility
There are countless ways you can react to the up-and-down activity of your portfolio. But one thing's certain: Experts don't recommend panic selling after a big market drop.
In the periods since 1970 when stocks fell 20% or more, they generated the largest gains in the first 12 months of recovery, according to analysts at the Schwab Center for Financial Research. So if you hopped out at the bottom and waited to get back in, your investments would have missed out on significant rebounds, and they might've never recovered the value they lost.
Instead, when market volatility has you on edge, try one of these approaches:
Remember Your Long-Term Plan
Investing is a long-haul game, and a well-balanced, diversified portfolio was actually built with periods like this in mind. If you need your funds in the near future, they shouldn't be in the market, where volatility can affect your ability to get them out in a hurry. But for long-term goals, volatility is part of the ride to significant growth.
“Volatility is the price you pay when investing in assets that give you the best chance of reaching long-term goals,” says Gage Paul, a CFP in Hudson, Ohio. “It is expected and could be viewed as a cost in meeting these goals.”
Consider Market Volatility an Opportunity
It may help you mentally deal with market volatility to think about how much stock you can purchase while the market is in a bearish downward state. During the bear market of 2020, for instance, you could have bought shares of an S&P 500 index fund for roughly a third of the price they were a month before after over a decade of consistent growth. By the end of the year, your investment would have been up about 65% from its low and 14% from the beginning of the year.
Keep a Healthy Emergency Fund
Market volatility isn't a problem unless you need to liquidate an investment, since you could be forced to sell assets in a down market. That's why having an emergency fund equal to three to six months of living expenses is especially important for investors.
“We set aside an appropriate emergency fund so clients do not have to worry about selling down investments to fund cash needs during periods of market volatility,” Wirick says. “This creates peace of mind for clients.”
If you're close to retirement, planners recommend an even bigger safety net, up to two years of non-market correlated assets. That includes bonds, cash, cash values in life insurance, home equity lines of credit and home equity conversion mortgages.
“When the market is down, pull money from those and wait for the market to rebound before withdrawing from your portfolio,” says Benjamin Offit, a CFP in Towson, Md.
Rebalance Your Portfolio as Necessary
Because market volatility can cause sharp changes in investment values, it's possible your asset allocation may drift from your desired divisions after periods of intense changes in either direction.
During these times, you should rebalance your portfolio to bring it back in line with your investing goals and match the level of risk you want. When you rebalance, sell some of the asset class that's shifted to a larger part of your portfolio than you'd like, and use the proceeds to buy more of the asset class that's gotten too small. It's a good idea to rebalance when your allocation drifts 5% or more from your original target mix.
You also may want to rebalance if you see a deviation of greater than 20% in an asset
portfolio, and after a big market swing, you discovered that emerging markets were more like 8% or 12% of your portfolio, you may want to tweak your holdings.
The Bottom Line on Market Volatility
It's not unusual to be concerned by periods of market volatility. It can be scary to see large—or even small—losses on paper. But in the end, you must remember that market volatility is a typical part of investing, and the companies you invest in will respond to a crisis.
“Companies are very resilient; they do an amazing job of working through whatever situation may be arising,” Lineberger says. “While it's tempting to give in to that fear, I would encourage people to stay calm. With history as our guide, those who are patient and disciplined have done very well.” Even considering periods like the Great Recession and times of large volatility, the U.S. stock market has provided average annual returns of about 10% each year long term.
Kate Ashford
I'm a freelance journalist, content creator and regular contributor to Forbes and Monster. I've written for AARP, the BBC, Family Circle, LearnVest, Money, Parents and Prevention, among others. Find me at kateashford.com or follow me at @kateashford.
John Schmidt
Editor
John Schmidt is the Assistant Assigning Editor for investing and retirement. Before joining Forbes Advisor, John was a senior writer at Acorns and editor at market research group Corporate Insight. His work has appeared in CNBC + Acorns's Grow, MarketWatch and The Financial
https://www.forbes.com/advisor/investing/what-is-volatility/
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